We start our Pig Dissection on 5/18.  Please dress properly!

There is an online textbook available - for FREE - that you might like to look at as you prepare for the AP exam:

 

A good resource for reviewing for the AP Exam (and for your practice test/Final exam) is:

 

 

Check it out1

Here is the info on logging into the POL site:

 

Below is a link for your students to access LaunchPad. Please tell your students to click on “GO TO LAUNCHPAD”. This will take them to the POL 2e LaunchPad site.

http://www.macmillanhighered.com/Catalog/product/principlesoflifelaunchpad(twentyfourmonthaccess)-secondedition-hillis/studentresources#tab

 

Once I get my own login info, you will be able to register for my class and I will be able to add quizzes and other activities for you to use.  Apparently, I will be given a url for you to use when you register so you might want to wait another day until they send me my login.

Check out this info on the Lac Operon:

 

The following chapters/sections are covered on the AP exam:

 

1.  1-5

2.  1-5

3.  1-4

4.  3-5

5.  1-6

6.  1-6

7.  1-4

8.  1-4

9.  1-3

10.  1-5

11.  1-4

12.  3-4

13.  1-4

14.  1-3

15.  1-6

16.  1-4

17.  1-4

18.  1-3

19.  1

20.  2

21.  1

22.  3, page 444

23.  1, 6

24.  1-3

25.  1, pages 526-527

26.  1-3

27.  2

28.  1-3

29.  1-4

30.  1-4

31.  1-5

32.  1-4

33.  1, 3

34.  1-5

35.  1-4

36.  1-3, as relates to nervous system

37.  2, 4

38.  1-6, homeostasis, feedback

39.  1-4

40.  2, 3, 5, homeostasis, osmosis

41.  1-6

42.  1-5

43.  1-6

44.  1-4

45.  1-6

46.  2-5

I have attached the review packet we used in class.  It is in both .docx and .doc  formats. 

Okay.  Here is my LAST review post.  I hope you get to use it.

 

Top 10 Things You Should Do To Study For The AP Exam This Weekend

1. Complete the practice AP exam in the review book and time yourself while doing it to ensure that you are capable of completing the test in the amount of time that you will be given on the actual day of the exam.
2. Make flashcards or find ones online and use them to quiz yourself or to study with a friend. (https://quizlet.com/22315269/ultimate-ap-biology-vocabulary-review-flash-cards/ )
3. Create a concept map for each Domain to thoroughly understand how the big concepts of each domain are linked.
4. Make sure that you are able to think of an example for each of the major processes.
5. Get comfortable with the formulas on the reference sheet and when each one has to be used.
6. Look through past exams and go over the questions, especially the ones that you did not get correct.
7. Try to explain some of the AP Biology concepts to someone else, even someone who does not take AP Biology.
8. Make diagrams of processes like photosynthesis, cellular respiration and glycolysis because sometimes visual aids make it easier to understand.
9. Watch a Paul Anderson YouTubevideo on a topic that you find to be particularly confusing.
10. Watch Paul Anderson’s hour long Final Review for AP Biology video on YouTube. (www.youtube.com/watch?v=BpaqvCrNAgI )

 

 

Top 10 Things You Should Know About Scientific Practices

1. The Scientific Method, Repeat necessary steps till consensus is formed.
2. Science is not the only way of thinking, there is philosophy, religion, technology, art, etc.
3. The two major modes of scientific thought, Reductionism and Systems thinking(generalized).
4. Positive and Negative feedback systems.
5. The necessity of models and the limit of their complexity.
6. The Seven Science Practices: Models, Math, Questioning, Collecting Data, Analyzing Data, Explanations, and Working with the other domains.
7. Being able to connect your data with other domains.
8. Interpreting models and mathematics incorporated within activities.
9. Connect all of the “Big Ideas” to one another.
10. Life and the domains that encompass it.

Top 10 Vocabulary Words (and definitions) You Should Know About Scientific Practices

1. Metric system base quantity-  also known as 1 or 10^0
2. Chi square- used to see if a change is due to chance
3. Standard Deviation- A measurement of the variance of the items in the data set.
4. Standard Error- A measurement of the variation in the means of data sets taken from the same population.
5. Generalize - make general or broad statement by inferring from specific cases.
6. Evaluate - form an idea of the amount, number, or value of; assess.
7. Phenomena - An occurrence, a circumstance, or a fact that is perceptible by the senses, especially one in relation to a disease.
8. Articulate - (of a person or a person's words) having or showing the ability to speak fluently and coherently.
9. Representation - the action of speaking or acting on behalf of someone or the state of being so represented.
10. Extrapolate - extend the application of (a method or conclusion, especially one based on statistics) to an unknown situation by assuming that existing trends will continue or similar methods will be applicable.

 

Top 10 Things You Should Know About Evolution

1. Common ancestry
2. Natural selection occurs due to many different factors
3. Understanding phylogenetic trees and cladograms
4. Mutations occur randomly in all populations
5. Speciation occurs when organisms become reproductively isolated
6. Populations are always evolving including humans
7. There are many active hypotheses about origin of life
8. Favorable traits stick around when they give an organism a survival advantage
9. Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium is a theoretical state when organisms no longer evolve
10. Stabilizing, disruptive, directional graphs for distribution of traits

 

Top 10 Vocabulary Words (and definitions) You Should Know About Evolution

1. Analogous Structure-similar function, different structure evolving from different species
2. Homologous Structure-similar structure, different function
3. Vestigial Structure-structure that has no function, but may have in previous ancestors
4. Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium-when the frequency of alleles in a gene pool are held constant throughout a population
5. Gene Flow-migration of individuals and/or the genetic material they carry  into or out of a population
6. Genetic Drift-change in frequency of an allele in a population due to random sampling
7. Natural Selection-when a trait is favored by the environment and passed down to benefit a population
8. Gene Pool-all of the alleles in all the individuals that make up a population
9. Disruptive Selection-describes the changes in a populations genetics that simultaneouslyfavor individuals at both extremes of the distribution
10. Stabilizing Selection-type of natural selection in which genetic diversity decreases as the population stabilizes on a particular trait value

 

Top 10 Things You Should Know About Matter

1. “CHNOPS” Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, Oxygen, Phosphorus & Sulfur
2. Protons, Electrons and Neutrons
3. Types of Bonds (Hydrogen, Polar, Non-Polar, Covalent, Ionic)
4. Water Properties ( Cohesion, Adhesion, Specific Heat, Insulation, Solvent)
5. ph, Acids & Bases
6. Functional Groups
7. Dehydration Reaction and Hydrolysis
8. Organic Molecules ( Carbohydrates, Proteins, Lipids, Fatty Acids, Starch, Steroids)
9. Cellular Transport
10. Cellular Compartmentalization

 

Top 10 Vocabulary Words (and definitions) You Should Know About Matter

1. Trace Elements-elements required by an organism in only minute quantities (for example: iron or iodine, which is only for vertebrates)
2. Compounds-substance consisting of two ore more different elements combined in a fixed ratio
3. Fatty acids-a carboxylic acid consisting of a hydrocarbon chain and a terminal carboxyl group, especially any of those occurring as esters in fats and oils.
4. Functional Groups-a group of atoms within a molecule that interacts in predictable ways with other molecules
5. Atom-the basic unit of a chemical element.
6. Hydrogen Bonds-a weak bond between two molecules resulting from an electrostatic attraction between a proton in one molecule and an electronegative atom in the other.
7. Isotopes-each of two or more forms of the same element that contain equal numbers of protons but different numbers of neutrons in their nuclei, and hence differ in relative atomic mass but not in chemical properties; in particular, a radioactive form of an element.
8. Solvent-Water, which not only dissolves many compounds but also dissolves more substances than any other liquid, is considered the universal solvent. A polar molecule with partially-positive and negative charges, it readily dissolves ions and polar molecules.
9. Polysaccharides-a carbohydrate that can be decomposed by hydrolysis into two or more molecules of monosaccharides; especially :  one (as cellulose, starch, or glycogen) containing many monosaccharide units and marked by complexity
10. Buffers-A buffering agent adjusts the pH of a solution. The function of a buffering agent is to drive an acidic or basic solution to a certain pH state and prevent a change in this pH. Buffering agents have variable properties, some are more soluble than others; some are acidic while others are basic.

 

Top 10 Things You Should Know About Energy

1. Enzymes
2. Metabolic Strategies
3. Carbon Fixation
4. Anaerobic Cell Respiration
5. Aerobic Cellular Respiration
6. ATP
7. Light Reactions
8. Calvin Cycle

      9.   Gibbs Free Energy Calculations

     10.  Thermodynamics

 

Top 10 Vocabulary Words (and definitions) You Should Know About Energy

1. First Law of Thermodynamics: The energy of the universe is constant, energy can be transferred and transferred but not created or destroyed.
2. Activation Energy: The initial investment of energy for starting a reaction, the energy required to contort the reactant molecules so the bonds can change. Same as free energy of activation.
3. ATP: A nucleic acid consisting of ribose, nitrogenous base adenine, and chain of three phosphate groups. Hydrolysis of the phosphate bonds releases energy.
4. Catalyst: A chemical agent that speeds up a reaction without being consumed by the reaction.
5. Free Energy: Measures the portion of a system's energy that can perform work when temperature and pressure are uniform throughout the system.
6. Kinetic Energy: Energy associated with the relative motion of objects.
7. Endergonic Reactions: A reaction that absorbs free energy from its surroundings. (Change in G is positive, not spontaneous)
8.  Entropy: Measure of disorder or randomness; the universe's entropy increases with each energy transfer or transformation.
9. Metabolic Pathway: A series of chemical reactions that either builds a complex molecule or breaks down a complex molecule into similar compounds.
10. Enzyme: A catalytic protein.

 

Top 10 Things You Should Know About Information

1. A virus consists of a nucleic acid and a protein coat. Some even have a lipid envelope.
2. Know the Frederick Griffith experiment concerning inheritance. The Avery, McCarty and, & Macleod experiment in that DNA was shown to be the hereditary molecule not proteins. Know  Hershey & Chase experiment that refined the work of Avery and friends. Watson, Crick, Franklin, & Wilkins about DNA’s structure and X-Ray crystallography
3. The way that RNA is copied is in the 5’ to 3’ direction and runs antiparallel to the other nucleic acids
4. Silent mutations are that the amino acid stays the same with the mutation, nonsense changes the codon to a stop codon, and missense changes the amino acid for better or for worse to a different one.
5. Genetic engineering is the direct manipulation of genetic information. It allows for direct control of gene expression and novel combinations of genetic information from different species.
6. Gel Electrophoresis is the separation of DNA based on its size using an electrical field and a gel matrix. Smaller DNA molecules will move further and faster than larger ones. This technique is used to isolate specific genes within a larger sample of DNA or to visualize differences in DNA sequences.
7. Mitosis produces two identical diploid daughter cells.
8. Meiosis produces haploid cells in sexually reproducing organisms. Produces four genetically unique gametes with half of the normal amount of genetic material. This is what allows for variations within species.
9. Crossing over occurs during prophase 1. Independent Assortment occurs during metaphase 1.
10. Genotypes are the alleles that an organism has. Phenotypes are the traits an organism shows.

 

Top 10 Vocabulary Words (and definitions) You Should Know About Information

1. Central Dogma- Term created by Francis Crick to explain how information flows in cells.
2. Replication- The way DNA is copied; it starts with initiation and it starts at specific “origins”
3. DNA Polymerase- Enzyme responsible for DNA synthesis
4. Helicase- Opens the Helix, which causes strand separation.
5. Primase- Puts down a small RNA primer, which is necessary for DNA polymerase to bind to the origin.
6. Topoisomerase- Rotates the DNA to decrease torque (which would shred the helix)
7. Anti-Parallel- DNA is anti-parallel; both strands have opposite 5’ to 3’ orientations (one is upside down compared to the other)
8. Replication Fork- The point at which the two strands of DNA are separated to allow replication of each strand.
9. Telomeres- The ends of eukaryotic chromosomes. They consist of a short, repeating DNA sequence.
10. Telomerase- The enzyme responsible for replicating the ends of eukaryotic chromosomes. Uses a RNA template to add more telomere sequence during replication.

 

Top 10 Things You Should Know About Regulation

1. The development of an organism is coordinated by sequential changes in gene expression.
2. In order for an organism to develop properly, genes must be turned on and off at appropriate times.
3. The interaction of an organism with external stimuli and the process of regulated gene expression results in cells, tissues, and organs becoming specialized.
4. Common ancestry and convergent evolution are responsible for the similarities seen within homeostatic control systems.
5. Interactions between environmental and internal signals are required to evoke a particular behavior within an organism.
6. Plant responses are affected by internal and external signals. Such responses include phototropism (growth in response to light) and photoperiodism (flowering in response to periods of light and dark of specific length).
7. Hox genes are a family of related genes that are responsible for the regulation of animal development.
8. All open systems have feedback loops and are seen at all levels of organization within a living system.
9. The different requirements of the environment that organisms occupy has driven divergence in homeostatic mechanisms.
10. Behaviors can be inherited and adapted  by natural selection.

 

Top 10 Vocabulary Words (and definitions) You Should Know About Regulation

1. Apoptosis- “programmed cell death”- This is how we develop appendages such as fingers.
2. Differentiation- During development, cells differentiate into many different cell types. This is accomplished by the expression of cell type-specific proteins.
3. Operons- a unit made up of linked genes that is thought to regulate other genes responsible for protein synthesis.
4. Negative feedback- any situation where the output of a process decreases the occurrence of that process. Regulatory in nature. Negative feedback maintains homeostasis of the system.
5. Positive feedback- any situation where the output of a process increases the occurrence of that process. Amplifying in nature. Positive feedback causes transformation in the system.
6. Respiration- Respiration must occur across a thin, moist, capillary-rich surface membrane. Aquatic animals have external respiratory membranes (skin, gills).
7. Nitrogenous waste- (from protein and nucleic acid breakdown) must be excreted from the body. Different animals convert nitrogenous waste to different molecules.
8. Types of Waste:

1. Ammonia- the most toxic, and must be immediately diluted and excreted.
2. Urea- less toxic, and does not need to be diluted as greatly, or excreted as quickly.
3. Uric Acid- can be excreted as a solid.

9. B-cells- a lymphocyte not processed by the thymus gland, and responsible for producing antibodies.
10. T-cells- a lymphocyte of a type produced or processed by the thymus gland and actively participating in the immune response.
11. Antigens- a toxin or other foreign substance that induces an immune response in the body, especially the production of antibodies.

 

Top 10 Things You Should Know About Communication

1. Communication requires the generation, transmission, and reception of a signal.
2. Cell communication share common features that reflect a shared evolutionary history.
3. Pathways involved in cellular communication are called “signal transduction pathways” and all organisms have signal transduction pathways.
4. Cellular communication involves the production, exchange, and receipt of chemical messages, known as ligands.
5. Signal transduction pathways follow a sequence: reception, transduction, response.
6. Changes in signal transduction pathways can alter cellular response, functioning of cells, and the homeostasis of the organism.
7. Most organisms are able to communicate information with other organisms and all organisms are able to acquire information about their environment.
8. The ability of organisms to respond to stimuli will contribute to fitness. These organisms are at a selective advantage.
9. Neurons allow for signals to be generated, detected, transmitted and integrated by animals.
10. Signals are generally chemical molecules such as hormones, but can also include direct detection of environmental conditions.

 

Top 10 Vocabulary Words (and definitions) You Should Know About Communication

1. Neurotransmitters: Chemicals released by one neuron are received by another neuron over the synaptic space, resulting in the propagation of the signal
2. Communication: Requires the generation, transmission, and reception of a signal
3. Signal Transduction Pathways: allow for the sensing and processing of a signal. They detect, amplify, and integrate signals to generate appropriate responses. (ex: changes in enzyme activity, gene expression or ion-channel activity)
4. Stimuli: anything that may trigger a response. Stimuli are external to the organism.
5. Neuron: highly specialized cell used by the nervous system to detect and transmit signals to other neurons or to response effectors (muscles or glands.)
6. Quorum Sensing: involves the generation of chemical signals in response to environmental variables. Operates by changing cell activity by altering gene expression (Unicellular Signaling Pathway example)
7. Endocrine System: Glands produce signaling molecules called hormones that are then transported through the circulatory system to all other parts of the body. (Ex: Insulin, Human Growth Hormone, Sex Hormones)
8. Ligand-Gated Ion Channels: membrane receptor, when the ligand binds to the channel, the structural change causes the channel to open, and ions may move into the cell freely. The change in the ion concentration will then trigger cell responses.
9. Second Messengers: Internal signaling molecules that are often activated by multiple external signals (Ex: Cyclic AMP - when present in a cell, it activates various catabolic metabolic pathways.)
10.  Cell Body of a Neuron: Contains the majority of the neuron’s organelles.

 

Top 10 Things You Should Know About Interactions

1. Measuring Communities
2. External Environmental Factors
3. Ecosystem Stability
4. Ecosystem Changes
5. Population Math
6. Eutrophication
7. Population Dynamics
8. Global Climate Change
9. Ecosystem Interactions
10. Conservation Biology

 

Top 10 Vocabulary Words (and definitions) You Should Know About Interactions

1. Biodiversity: the variety of life in the world or in a particular habitat or ecosystem.
2. Symbiotic: organisms that live together, but in this case, the relationship is not necessarily beneficial to both
3. Abiotic: Non-living factors that influence the abundance and distribution of organisms
4. Biotic: Living factors that influence the abundance and distribution of organisms
5. Exponential Population Growth: Increase until maximum rate of the species is reached
6. Logistic Population Growth: Per capita rate of increase approaches zero as the population size nears its carrying capacity
7. Carrying Capacity: maximum population size that a particular environment can sustain
8. Density Dependent:  A death rate that rises as population size rises
9. Biomass: The total mass of all individuals in a population
10. Keystone species: Strong control on community structures because of their pivotal ecological roles or niches

 

STUDY!!!!!

REVIEW BOZEMAN BIOLOGY VIDEOS, ESPECIALLY THE LAB REVIEWS.

WATCH the following video on youtube - and any of the other BozemanBiology videos on topics you need help on.

 

BRIEF lab write-ups due for cellular respiration and photosynthesis labs.

Hopefully, you will also be able to complete the chromatography lab on Tuesday and bring the calculations to class on 5/1 as well.

word document of textbook correlations

Check out this cool simulation of Hardy-Weinberg:

 

Here is a quick review on Translation and Transcription:

 

 

What does the College Board mean by the term "model"?

 

What does the College Board mean by the term "model"?

 

Here are several excellent BozemanBiology videos that review data analysis, etc.  You should review them.  You should be able to just click on each title to go to the video.

 

1 - Models & Representation
2 - Using Mathematics
3 - Scientific Questioning
4 - Data Collection Strategies

5 - Analysis & Evaluation of Evidence
6 - Scientific Explanations & Theories
7 - Scales, Concepts & Representations

Here is a link to some online flashcards that may help you review for the AP Exam.

 

Please try to register for the POL LaunchPad site.  You will need the following information:

 

Dear Students,

The online portion of our course is open for student registration. Follow these steps to get started. If you need additional guidance, consult the student Get Started guide, especially thesystem requirements which list the recommended browsers.

To register for the course go to:
http://www.macmillanhighered.com/launchpad/hillis2e/1687294

PLEASE bookmark the page to make it easy to return to.

In order to register for the AP Bio course, you will need the access code you copied down in class.

To navigate and start using LaunchPad please consult the Get Started guide and/or view this video.

If you have problems registering or logging in, please let me know or contact Customer Support. You can reach a representative 24 hours a day, 7 days a week:

• through the online form
• by chat

Or from 9 a.m. to 3 a.m. EST, 7 days a week:

• by phone at (800) 936-6899

Looking forward to seeing you in class!

Peggy Simons

[email protected]

Bring your completed POGILs to class so we can go over them.

Evolution FRQ!

Finish Speciation POGIL.

Be prepared to review the Evolution reading guide in class.  Make sure it is finished!

 

Begin review for the May 11 AP Biology exam!

If you bring your textbooks to class on Thursday, I will give you some time to begin work on the next reading guide (Evolution) after we finish reviewing the plant guide.

Reading guide chapters 21-25 due

RNAi worksheet due

RNAi worksheet due

Bring your textbooks and the colored EU/EK statement pages (from the start of the year) to class.  You will be working in groups of 2-3 in class to provide brief explanations and examples of as many of these statements as possible.

 

We will review the reading guide on Wednesday.

FRQ chapters 9-11

Multiple choice test on chapters 9-11 is on 3/12.

The FRQ test will be the following Monday.

Chapter 9-11 MC test on 3/12.

FRQ test on 3/16.

Bring books to class on Friday 3/13 to work on new reading guide or read chapters.

BEFORE your test, checkout these Bozeman Biology videos on gene regulation and the lac operon:

 

 

Operon POGIL due Wednesday.

 

Reading guide for chapters 9-11 is due on  3/10.

Reading guide for chapter 9-11 will be reviewed in class.

Remember to request a spot in my Centaur Plus Tuesday class to work on the POGIL or a practice FRQ.

Please try to look up info on the shells from the morphology Click and Learn since we are not able to open those screens at school.

 

I am working on getting the BLAST app to work.

Our in class activities this week will use online resources from HHMI.  You can find the two "Click and Learn" activities here.  We will do the shell activity first and then the DNA activity. Note how closely your group's phylogenetic tree matches the one you construct online.  Note that there is a worksheet that goes with the DNA click and learn. Finally, you will need the DNA files that I attached in order to complete the third part of this classwork.  Note that there are several sets of DNA sequences in the two pages of files and you will need to download, copy and paste each sequence individually.  Instructions on how to use BLAST will be given in class.

 

 

sorting sea shells click and learn

 http://media.hhmi.org/biointeractive/click/shells_online/index.html

 

Phylogenetic Tree DNA click and learn

 http://media.hhmi.org/biointeractive/click/Phylogenetic_Trees/01.html

 

The BLAST site is located here:

http://blast.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/blast/Blast.cgi?PROGRAM=blastn&PAGE_TYPE=BlastSearch&LINK_LOC=blasthome

Some interesting Bozeman Biology videos:

 

 

Reading guides for chapters 13 and 14 due Tuesday, 2/24.  We will go over the questions in class.

Amended Monday:

I have just attached the Excel files in both xls and xlsx format.  Sorry that they didn't attach yesterday.

 

Mitosis lab data:

 

Attached in Excel file.

Due date may be changed.

 

Compare YOUR data (CCHS) with the control data.  See if they are the same or different.

Compare YOUR data (CCHS) with the data from the prepared slides or cards you examined.  See if they are the same or different.

Compare the Control data or the data from the slides or cards with the data for Lectin or Caffeine and see if they are the same or different.

 

All comparisons should use Chi Square analysis.  Remember to state the Null Hypothesis!

 

Lab reports are to be abbreviated.  One report for each pair of students (64 students means 32 reports).  Give data that YOU collected (slides you made, prepared slides, cards).  Show Chi Square analysis for each comparison (see above).  Show data on Sordaria cards and calculations of map distance.  Answer all pre and post lab questions in packet. No graphs or other info needed.

There is an online website with practice problems that might help you review for the AP exams.  The basic site is free, but more complex questions and their explanations are available for a fee.  Feel free to check it out:

 

Work on your mitosis lab.

Review the Amgen handout you received and start reading chapters 13 and 14.

FRQ on chapters 7, 8, and 15.2 and 15.3.

 

MC on these chapters will be on 2/5 and 2/6

COMPLETE the chapter 15 reading guide for review in class on Friday, 1/30.  Note change of date due to the senior picture the day before.

Make sure you have completed the genetics POGIL and be ready to ask questions of anything you do not understand.

Grade and make comments on  the FRQ you took home and bring it back to class on Wednesday.

Whoops!

I forgot to collect the practice FRQs from you!

Turn them in on Tuesday and exchange with a classmate.  Corrections and scoring due on Wednesday.

 

Remember to wear lab attire on Tuesday and Wednesday to class as we will be using chemicals, stains, and glassware.

Better late than never:

 

Describe how the feedback mechanisms maintain homeostasis.  Elaborate on the hormones, organs, and physiological responses involved.

 

a)  blood-glucose concentration

b)  calcium concentration in the blood

c)  blood pressure and volume

Reading guide for chapters 7 and 8.